Beginning reading ability using the method synthetic structural analytics (SAS)

This study aims to describe a literature review on early reading skills using the method synthetic structural analysis (SAS)in grade 1 students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Langkat. This study uses a qualitative research method with a literature review approach. The research stages were carried out by means of article collection, article reduction, article display, discussion and conclusion. Sources of research data are international and national journal articles in 2015-2021. The results showed that from 25 articles, 13 articles were found that matched the topic title. Beginning reading skills using the methodsynthetic structural analysis (SAS)in grade 1 students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Langkat, the implementation is in accordance with the theories that have been used as references. Beginning reading skills using the methodsynthetic structural analysis (SAS)in grade 1 students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Langkat can increase student activity and learning outcomes. The effect of the application of the SAS (Structural Analytical Synthetic) method on the early reading ability of students in This research was conducted the using the SAS This type of research is quantitative using the one-group pretest-posttest design method. Data collection techniques using interview techniques, observation, documentation and test questions. The results of interviews and giving tests that from 24 students there were 23 students who could not read fluently. The results of data analysis using a simple regression test. The results of data analysis obtained sig significance.


INTRODUCTION
Education is a person's activity to increase the potential that exists in him so that he has personality, intelligence, religious spirituality, and skills that will be needed in the future and this is obtained only through teaching and training.The main thing that must be mastered by Madrasah Ibtidaiyah students is the introduction of letters as reading skills. Letters are secondary symbols of language. For a child, the presence of letters has meaning if they are needed in language life. Children must be able to recognize letters because these letters will make them interested in reading shop names, street names, warning writings, brands, short illustrated stories, children's film titles in mailing addresses (Suyadi, 2021). Children should also recognize letters because they are interested in writing identities, writing short messages or writing down things they like. Therefore, reading and writing material must start from the interests and needs of the child himself (Monagban, 2018). Reading ability is a complex skill that involves letter recognition skills, recognition of linguistic elements, and comprehension skills (Commodari et al. 2020).
The reading stage starts with the introduction of the letters of the alphabet from A/a to Z/z. These letters need to be memorized and students pronounce according to their sounds. After students are introduced to the letters of the alphabet and pronounce them, students can also be introduced to how to read syllables, words and short sentences. In this case, students need to be introduced to assembling the letters that have been pronounced in order to form syllables, words and short sentences. Students are trained to read complete sentences consisting of subject, predicate, object and description patterns as well as compound sentences (Larsen et al. 2020).
Special attention, especially from teachers to learning to read, must be done since students are in the beginning class (grades I and II) (Hadian et al., 2018). The accuracy and success of the learning process at the initial stage will have a major impact on the subsequent student learning process (Kaden, 2020). That is, the teacher who teaches in this class has a big responsibility for the success of the students' reading ability in that class.
The synthetic analytic structural method (SAS) is one of the early reading learning methods that goes through several stages, namely: the structure displays the whole and shows a complete sentence, then the analytic performs the parsing process, then the synthetic recombines it back to its original form (Sari, et al., 2014).
Beginning reading learning using the synthetic structural analytic method (SAS) is very suitable to be used during early reading learning for 1st grade students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Because the synthetic structural analytic method (SAS) is a type of method that can be used when learning to read and write beginning. This method when learning uses pictures, words, letters and sentences. So it is very necessary to increase understanding for students, if students have not been able to read a sentence, but students have seen the picture that has been pasted on the blackboard, the teacher begins to introduce the word by teaching the letters to form a sentence written under the picture. Based on the explanation above, the researcher is interested in discussing the literature review on early reading skills using the synthetic analytical structural method (SAS) in grade 1 students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Langkat.

METHODS
This research uses a literature study approach. said that the literature study method is a series of activities related to the methods of collecting library data, reading and taking notes, and managing research materials (Oktaviana et al., 2021). Literature studies are carried out by each researcher with the main objective of finding the basis for obtaining and building theoretical foundations, frameworks of thought, and determining provisional assumptions or also known as research hypotheses. So that researchers can classify, allocate, organize, and use a variety of literature in their fields (Tang et al., 2021). While the population in this study were first grade students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Langkat.
Research activities are carried out in a structured way through the stages of data collection, data reduction, data display, discussion to conclusions. In this study, 13 articles will be used in accordance with the variables studied. The steps for literature review can be seen in figure 1.
In this research, there is 4 steps such article collection; article reduction; display; organizing and discussing; and conclusion. In the article collection, articles were collected by searching on Google Scholar and some publishers by using some related keywords. Afterward, article reduction means summarizing, selecting the main points, focusing on the important things, looking for themes and patterns, and removing unnecessary ones. Thus, the articles that have been reduced will provide a clear picture and make it easier for researchers to conduct further data collection and look for it if needed. In the next step is organization and discussion, at this stage are carried out based on the type of literature review used. In this case, the selected literature review is in the form of a theoretical study. This type of literature review in the form of a theory study is a special study in which the author describes several theories or concepts that are centered on one particular topic and compares these theories or concepts on the basis of assumptions, logical consistency, and scope of explanation. Last step is conclusion that drawn based on the results of the previous organization and discussion.  0.947 <0.05, which means that the SAS method on students' initial reading skills has a positive influence in improving students' reading skills (Silfiyah, et al., 2021) In article 2, Efforts to improve my early reading ability of deaf first graders through synthetic analytic structural methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of synthetic analytic structural methods for first graders with hearing impairment. The methodology used in this research is classroom action research with 3 cycles. The results of this study are that there is a significant increase in learning mastery and student learning outcomes after using the synthetic analytical structural method in cycle 3. This implies that CAR can be declared "successful". This success is shown by the following indicators: a) students succeed in achieving the complete learning category (100%), even 38% including the "very complete" category, b) student learning outcomes reach an average of 75, exceeding the established criteria, namely an average of 70 (Litasari, 2021).
In article 3, the Use of the Sas Method with Letter Card Media to Improve Fluent Reading Skills in Grade 1 C Students of SD Negeri 9 Ampenan. The purpose of this study is an effort to improve the reading ability of grade 1.C students at SD Negeri 9 Ampenan. Reading is a priority because, by reading, children begin to learn independently earlier. Without having adequate reading and writing skills from an early age, children will experience learning difficulties later in life. By reading we can see the world, where we know the word Learning is the result of the interaction between stimulus and response. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to improve reading skills in first grade students by using the SAS method with letter card media. So that it can improve performance in reading fluently, first grade students 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This research uses the stages of planning, discussion, observation and reflection, this research is carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II.
The description of the results of this study can be seen from each cycle in cycle I, the score is 76,296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people did not complete this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This research uses the stages of planning, discussion, observation and reflection, this research is carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II.
The description of the results of this study can be seen from each cycle in cycle I, the score is 76,296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people did not complete this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This research uses the stages of planning, discussion, observation and reflection, this research is carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. The description of the results of this research can be seen from each cycle in the first cycle, the score is 76.296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people who did not complete in this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C of SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021).
This research uses the stages of planning, discussion, observation and reflection, this research is carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. The description of the results of this research can be seen from each cycle in the first cycle, the score is 76.296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people did not complete this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). This research uses the stages of planning, discussion, observation and reflection, this research is carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. The description of the results of this study can be seen from each cycle in cycle I, the score is 76,296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people did not complete this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). This research was carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. The description of the results of this study can be seen from each cycle in cycle I, the score is 76,296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people who did not complete in this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). This research was carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. The description of the results of this research can be seen from each cycle in the first cycle, the score is 76,296 (56%) by 14 students from the total number of students in class 1.C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people who did not complete in this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year.
This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people did not complete this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD Negeri 9 Ampenan for the 2019/2020 academic year. This SAS method can also be used in learning other than Indonesian (Suriana, 2021). C as many as 25 students. in the second cycle the total score was 89,636 (92%) as many as 23 students from a total of 25 students, only 2 people did not complete this study. It can be concluded that the SAS method using letter cards can improve fluent reading skills in grade 1.C SD significant. This means that there is a significant increase in initial reading in grade II students between before (pretest) and after (posttest) applying the Structural Analytical Synthetic (SAS) method (Nursanti, 2020). No. 2(2020) 71 treatment (pretest) is 51.68 while the average value of reading ability after treatment (posttest) is 88.65 and the average value of normality gain is 0.76 which is included in the high category and the results of hypothesis testing using t-test with tcount=47,191 and ttable=2,045, it can be concluded that tcount>ttable, then reject H0 means significant. This means that there is a significant increase in initial reading in grade II students between before (pretest) and after (posttest) applying the Structural Analytical Synthetic (SAS) method (Nursanti, 2020). No. 2(2020) 71 treatment (pretest) is 51.68 while the average value of reading ability after treatment (posttest) is 88.65 and the average value of normality gain is 0.76 which is included in the high category and the results of hypothesis testing using t-test with tcount=47,191 and ttable=2,045, it can be concluded that tcount>ttable, then reject H0 means significant. This means that there is a significant increase in initial reading in grade II students between before (pretest) and after (posttest) applying the Structural Analytical Synthetic (SAS) method (Nursanti, 2020).
This means that there is a significant increase in initial reading in grade II students between before (pretest) and after (posttest) applying the Structural Analytical Synthetic (SAS) method (Nursanti, 2020). 045, it can be concluded that tcount> ttable, then reject H0 which means it is significant.
This means that there is a significant increase in initial reading in grade II students between before (pretest) and after (posttest) applying the Structural Analytical Synthetic (SAS) method (Nursanti, 2020).
In article 7, the improvement of early reading skills by using the synthetic structural analytical method (SAS) for the first grade students of SDN 81 Pekanbaru. It was carried out using a synthetic structural analytical method. This research was conducted in two cycles, each cycle consisting of two meetings and four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that before the students' actions were completed, only 15 students or 60%. While in the first cycle increased to 18 students or 72%.
In the second cycle, it increased again until it reached 23 students or with a percentage of 92%. So it can be concluded that the synthetic analytic structural method can improve the initial reading ability of SDN 81 Pekanbaru students (Rizal, 2019).
In  Initial reading skills after giving treatment using the SAS method were more improved than before giving the SAS method in the learning process. After testing the hypothesis using the t-test, it shows that there is a significant difference between students' initial reading skills. In conclusion, the SAS method has a positive effect on early reading skills in grade II students (Syawaluddin, et al., 2018).
In article 12, the improvement of early reading skills through the Therefore, In article 13, the ability to read beginning using the SAS method. The research used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique in this research is direct observation technique. The data collection tool used is the observation sheet. The subjects in this study were Indonesian language teachers and 9 grade I students. This research was conducted for 2 cycles with the results obtained from the pre-cycle to the second cycle, respectively, namely the percentage of completeness learning outcomes 44.44%, 55.55% and 67.78%. Halidjah, et al., 2015).